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0 Countries and successor states indicated in bold retain orbital launch capability.
1 The Soviet Union's successor state, Russia, took over the Soviet space program after the Soviet Union's dissolution.
2 France launched its first satellite by its own rocket from Algeria, which had been a French territory when the spaceport was built but had achieved independence before the satellite launch. Later France provided a spaceport for ESA space launchers in French Guyana.
3 The UK only self-launched a single satellite and that from a foreign (Australian) spaceport. Later it joined the ESA.
4 Russia and Ukraine inherited space launcher and satellite capability from the Soviet Union as successor states.
5 Ukraine provides its own space launcher to Russia rather than used its own space launcher to launch satellite (first time - Sich-1 in August 31, 1995).
Other launches and projects
The above list includes confirmed satellite launches by rockets produced by the launching country. Lists with differing criteria might include the following launches.
Unconfirmed launches
Iraq developed and tested the Tammouz space launch vehicle without a payload or upper stages on 5 December 1989. According to a press release by the Iraqi News Agency, the warhead completed six orbits, but this was never confirmed.[citation needed][1]
North Korea announced on 31 August 1998 that they successfully launched the Kwangmyŏngsŏng from Musudan-ri, but this was never confirmed. Another launch on 5 April 2009, with the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, was also reported to have reached orbit,[2]; however, US and South Korean officials stated that the launch failed to reach orbit.[3]
Failed launches
Brazil has yet to launch a satellite into orbit independently and its space program suffered three satellite launch failures, the latest being the explosion of a VLS-1 rocket on 22 August 2003 at the Alcântara Launch Centre, which resulted in 21 deaths.
South Korea first attempted the launch of its STSAT-2 satellite to be delivered by the Russo-South Korean Naro (KSLV-1) launch vehicle from their own Naro spaceport on 25 August 2009. One of the payload fairings did not separate causing STSAT-2 to not reach earth orbit. The Second lauch also failed within 137 seconds when it lost contact with ground control on June 10,2010[4]
More than three dozen other countries (beginning with Canada on 29 September 1962) launched their satellites onboard foreign rockets (including those listed above, and Chinese, Indian, etc) from foreign spaceports.
Second (after failed Europa rocket program under ELDO) European launcher program under European Space Agency, which currently has 17 members and Guiana Space Centre spaceport, is acting since first successful launch in 24 December 1979 when Ariane 1 launcher placed the technological capsule CAT-1 on orbit.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the private German company OTRAG tried to develop low-cost commercial space launchers. Only sub-orbital tests of the first prototypes of these rockets were carried out.
South Africa developed the space launcher RSA-3 in the 1980s. This rocket was tested 3 times without a satellite payload in 1989 and 1990. The program was postponed and cancelled in 1994.
Germany had a preliminary development of numerous rocket space launchers and re-usable launch systems (Sänger II, etc.) after WWII. These were never realized as national or European projects. Also, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the private German company OTRAG tried to develop low-cost commercial space launchers. Only sub-orbital tests of the first prototypes of these rockets were carried out.
Canada had developed the gun-based space launchers Martlet and GLO as the joint Canadian-American Project HARP in the 1960s. These rockets were never tested.
Romanian private company, ARCA, is developing a number of orbital launch systems (Haas, Stabilo, Orizont) that are expected to be launched from Black Sea military bases.[7]
Ukraine is a manufacturer of space launchers Tsyklon (Cyclone), Zenit, Dnipro (Dnepr), Mayak. It already counts as a space power, performing a launches of own rockets using a Kazakh, Russian and Sea Launch spaceport facility. Ukraine has no indigenous vehicle-launch facility, but currently plans of a domestic launch facility by its conventional launchers and the launch system with airplane-base start (Svityaz) both indigenously and under cooperation with Brazil and other countries from spaceports outside the territory of Ukraine.
Kazakhstan has plans to develop own airplane-based Ishym space launch system in cooperation with Russia (another project of ground Bayterek system from Baikonur spaceport will use the Russian launchers).
Pakistan has developed two varieties of military ballistic rockets (Ghauri and Shaheen) in recent years that will form the basis for conversion into its own space launcher[8].
Taiwan has been developing its own spacecraft for several years.
Malaysia announced in 2006 that there is an intention to develop a domestic space launcher in the near future.
Turkey announced in 2007 that there is an intention to develop the domestic space launcher in the far future.
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